Papers - CV - Research Gate - Google Scholar

- Publons [* indicates my student; request PDF or download RIS]
  1. Thapa, K., C.R. Ferguson, and T.A. Endreny, "Atmospheric Rivers Carry Non-monsoon Extreme Precipitation into Nepal", Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, doi: 10.1029/2017JD027626. 2018.
  2. Casazza, M., M. Lega, G. Liu, S. Ulgiati, and T.A. Endreny, "Aerosol Pollution, Including Eroded Soils, Intensifies Cloud Growth, Precipitation, and Soil Erosion: A Review", Journal of Cleaner Production, 189, 135-144, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.004. 2018.
  3. Endreny, T. A. Academic Journalism: "We Calculated how Much Money Trees Save for your City", published Arbor Day in The Conversation, 2018. [Published in >20 news outlets, including CNBC, US News & World Report, San Francisco Chronicle; Translated from English to Indonesian; non-refereed]
  4. Endreny, T. A. Invited Comment: "Strategically Growing the Urban Forest will Improve Our World", Nature Communications 9(1): 1160, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03622-0. 2018. Part of Forests of the Anthropocene Collection.
  5. Endreny, T.A., R. Santagata*, A. Perna, C. De Stefano, R.F. Rallo, and S. Ulgiati, "Implementing and Managing Urban Forests: a Much Needed Conservation Strategy to Increase Ecosystem Services and Urban Wellbeing", Ecological Modeling, Vol. 360, 328-335, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.07.016, 2017. Elsevier Atlas Award September 2017:
  6. Ferrara, C., M. Lega, G. Fusco, P. Bishop, and T.A. Endreny, "Characterization of Terrestrial Discharges into Coastal Waters with Thermal Imagery from a Hierarchical Monitoring Program", Water, 9(7): 500, doi: 10.3390/w9070500 2017
  7. Maio, O., T. Endreny, and M. Lega, "Remote Sensing for Environmental Forensics: Thermal Infrared Images Capture Different Surface Temperatures in Pollutant Pools and Dosed Soils Due to Volatilization", Environmental Forensics, 18(2), 101-109, DOI: 10.1080/15275922.2017.1304469, 2017
  8. Gualtieri, C., M. Ianniruberto, N. Filizola, R. Santos, and T.A. Endreny, "Hydraulic Complexity at a Large River Confluence in the Amazon Basin", Ecohydrology, DOI: 10.1002/eco.1863, 2017
  9. Calderon M.R., B.P., Baldigo, A.J. Smith, and T.A. Endreny, "Effects of Extreme Floods on Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Tributaries to the Mohawk River, New York, USA", River Resource Applications, 0:1-11, DOI: 10.1002/rra.3158, 2017
  10. Bodnaruk, E.W., C.N. Kroll, Y. Yang, and T.A. Endreny, "Where to Plant Urban Trees? A Spatially Explicit Methodology to Explore Ecosystem Service Tradeoffs", Landscape and Urban Planning, 157:457-467, DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.08.016, 2017
  11. Lega, M. and T.A. Endreny, "Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Pollutant Plumes from Coastal Rivers with Remote Sensing and River Basin Modeling", International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 11(5):651-662, DOI: 10.2495/SDP-V11-N5-651-662, 2016.
  12. *Stephan, E. and T.A. Endreny, "Weighting Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pixel Pollutant Loads to Represent Runoff and Buffering Likelihoods", Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 52(2): 336-349, DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.12390, 2016.
  13. *Yang, Y., T.A. Endreny, and D.J. Nowak. "Application of Advection-diffusion Routing Model to Flood Wave Propagation: a Case Study on Big Piney River, Missouri USA", Journal of Earth Science 27(1):9-14, DOI: 10.1007/s12583-016-0626-3, 2016.
  14. *Han, B., H.H. Chu*, and T.A. Endreny. "Streambed and Water Profile Response to In-channel Restoration Structures in a Laboratory Meandering Stream", Water Resources Research, 51(11): 9312-9324, DOI: 10.1002/2015WR017177, 2015.
  15. Yang, Y., T.A. Endreny, and D.J. Nowak. "Simulating The Effect Of Flow Path Roughness To Examine How Green Infrastructure Restores Urban Runoff Timing And Magnitude", Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(2), 361–367, DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2015.03.004, 2015. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  16. Yang, Y., T.A. Endreny, and D.J. Nowak. "Simulating Double-Peak Hydrographs from Single Storms over Mixed-Use Watersheds", ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001225 , 06015003, 2015. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  17. Haas, N.A., B.L. O'Connor, J.W. Hayse, M.S. Bevelhimer, and T.A. Endreny. "Analysis of Daily Peaking and Run-of-River Operations with Flow Variability Metrics, Considering Subdaily to Seasonal Time Scales", Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), 50(6), 1622-1640, DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12228, 2014. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  18. Decker, T.J, and T.A. Endreny. "SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Humanitarian Engineering: Small Scale College Components and Analysis", International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship, Special Issue: University Engineering Programs That Impact Communities: Critical Analyses and Reflection, Fall 2014, ISSN: 1555-9033, 191-204 2014. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  19. Smidt, S.J., J.A. Cullin, A.S. Ward, J. Robinson*, M.A. Zimmer, L.K. Lautz, and T.A. Endreny. "A Comparison of Hyporheic Transport at a Cross-Vane Structure and Natural Riffle", Groundwater, DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12288, 2014. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  20. *Han, B. and T.A. Endreny. "Comparing MODFLOW Simulation Options for Predicting Intra-Meander Flux", Hydrological Processes, 28(11), 3824–3832, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10186, 2014. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  21. *Han, B. and T.A. Endreny. "Detailed River Stage Mapping and Head Gradient Analysis During Meander Cutoff In A Laboratory River", Water Resources Research, 50, 1–15, DOI: 10.1002/2013WR013580, 2014. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  22. *Han, B. and T.A. Endreny. "River Surface Water Topography Mapping at Sub-Millimeter Resolution and Precision With Close Range Photogrammetry: Laboratory Scale Application", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 7(2), 602-608, DOI: 0.1109/JSTARS.2014.2298452, 2014. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  23. *Zhou, T. and T.A. Endreny. "Reshaping of the Hyporheic Zone Beneath River Restoration Structures: Flume and Hydrodynamic Experiments", Water Resources Research, 49(8), 5009–5020, DOI: 10.1002/wrcr.20384, 2013. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  24. *Yang, Y., T.A. Endreny, and D.J. Nowak. "A Physically Based Analytical Spatial Air Temperature and Humidity Model", Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(18): 10,449-10,463, DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50803, 2013. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  25. *Becker, J.F., T.A., Endreny, and J.D. *Robinson. "Natural Channel Design Impacts on Reach-Scale Transient Storage", Ecological Engineering, 57(Aug): 380-392, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.04.051, 2013. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  26. *Yang, Y., and T.A. Endreny. "Watershed Hydrograph Model Based on Surface Flow Diffusion", Water Resources Research, 49(1): 507-516, DOI: 10.1029/2012WR012186, 2013. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  27. Endreny, T.A. and K. Backer, "Review of Fields and Streams: Stream Restoration, Neoliberalism, and the Future of Environmental Science, R. Lave", Ecological Restoration, 31(3): 339-340, DOI: 10.1353/ecr.2013.0049, 2013.
  28. *Han, B. and T.A. Endreny. "Spatial and Temporal Intensification of Lateral Hyporheic Flux in Narrowing Intra-meander Zones", Hydrological Processes, 27(7), 989–994, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.9250, 2013. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  29. Endreny, T.A., D.J. Burke, K.M. Burchhardt, M.W. *Fabian, and A.M. Kretzer. "Bioretention Column Study of Bacteria Community Response to Salt-Enriched Artificial Stormwater", Journal of Environmental Quality, 41(6): 1951-1959, DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0082, 2012. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  30. Daniluk, T.L, L.K. Lautz, R.P. Gordon, and T.A. Endreny. "Surface Water-Groundwater Interaction at Restored Streams and Associated Reference Reaches", Hydrological Processes, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.9501, 2012. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  31. *Zhou, T. and T.A. Endreny. "Meander Hydrodynamics Initiated by River Restoration Deflectors", Hydrological Processes, 26(22), 3378–3392, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8352, 2012. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  32. Endreny, T.A. and S. Diemont. "Methods for Assessing Stormwater Management at Archaeological Sites: Copan Ruins Case Study", Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(8), August 2012, Pages 2637–2642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.022, 2012. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  33. Endreny, T.A. and L. Lautz. "Comment on Munz M, Krause S, Tecklenburg C, Binley A. Reducing monitoring gaps at the aquifer–river interface by modelling groundwater–surfacewater exchange flow patterns", Hydrological Processes., 26(10), 1586-1588, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8080, 2012. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  34. *Yang, Y., T.A. Endreny, and D.J. Nowak. "i-Tree Hydro: Snow Hydrology Update for the Urban Forest Hydrology Model". Journal of American Water Resources Association, 47(6): 1211-1218, DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00564.x, 2011. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  35. Endreny, T.A., L. Lautz, and D. Siegel. "Hyporheic Flow Path Response to Hydraulic Jumps at River Steps: Flume and Hydrodynamic models", Water Resources Research, 47, W02517, DOI: 10.1029/2009WR008631, 2011. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  36. Endreny, T.A., L. Lautz, and D. Siegel. "Hyporheic Flow Path Response to Hydraulic Jumps at River Steps: Hydrostatic Model Simulations", Water Resources Research, 47, W02518, DOI: 10.1029/2010WR010014, 2011. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  37. Endreny, T.A. and M. *Soulman. "Hydraulic Analysis of River Training Cross-Vanes as Part of Post-Restoration Monitoring", Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15, DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-2119-2011, 2011. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  38. *Fabian, M.W., T.A. Endreny, A. Bottacin-Busolin, and L.K. Lautz. "Seasonal Variation in Cascade-driven Hyporheic Exchange, Northern Honduras", Hydrological Processes, 25(10): 1630-1646, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7924, 2011. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  39. Diemont, S.W., T.J. Lawrence, and T.A. Endreny. "Envisioning Ecological Engineering Education: An International Survey of the Educational and Professional Community", Ecological Engineering, 36(4): 570-578, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.12.004 Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  40. Endreny, T.A. and N.E.A. *Imbeah. "Generating robust rainfall intensity-duration-frequency estimates with short-record satellite data", Journal of Hydrology, 371(1-4): 182-191, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.027. Request and Online and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  41. *Crispell, J.K. and T.A. Endreny. "Hyporheic exchange flow around constructed in-channel structures and implications for restoration design", Hydrologic Processes, 23(8): 1158-1168, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7230, 2009. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  42. Endreny, T.A. and K.E. *Thomas. "Improving Estimates of Simulated Runoff Quality and Quantity using Road-Enhanced Land Cover Data", Journal of Hydrologic Engineering - ASCE, 14(4): 346-351, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(346), 2009. Invited. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  43. Endreny, T.A. and V. Collins. "Implications of Bioretention Basin Spatial Arrangements on Stormwater Recharge and Groundwater Mounding", Ecological Engineering, 35: 670-677. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.10.017, 2009. Request
  44. Endreny, T.A. and H. Gokcekus. "Ancient Eco-Technology of Qanats for Engineering a Sustainable Water Supply in the Mediterranean Island of Cyprus", Environmental Geology, 57(2): 249-257, DOI: 10.1007/s00254-008-1274-4, 2009. Invited. Request
  45. Thomas, K.E. and T.A. Endreny, "Improving National Land Cover Database Estimates of Road Network Impervious Cover Using Vector Road Networks in GIS", Surveying and Land Information Science, 68 (1): 21-27, 2008.
  46. Endreny, T.A. and M. *Higgins. "Adding Radar Rainfall and Calibration to the TR-20 Watershed Model to Improve Dam Removal Flood Analysis", Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management - ASCE, 34(3): 314-317, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2008)134:3(314), 2008. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  47. Endreny, T.A. "Estimating Recharge Rates for Qanat Based Water Supply In Northern Cyprus: A Case Study Using Remotely Sensed and In-Situ Data", Urban Water Journal, 5(2):161-171, DOI: 10.1080/15730620701754202, 2008. Request
  48. *Wang, J., T.A. Endreny, and D.J. Nowak. "Mechanistic Simulation of Tree Effects in an Urban Water Balance Model". Journal of American Water Resources Association, 44(1): 75-85, DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00139.x, 2008. Request
  49. Endreny, T.A., "Simulation of Soil Water Infiltration with Integration, Differentiation, Numerical Methods & Programming Exercises", International Journal of Engineering Education, 23(3):608-617, 2007. Request
  50. Endreny, T.A. and S. Pashiardis, "The Error & Bias of Supplementing a Short, Arid Climate, Rainfall Record with Regional vs. Global Frequency Analysis", Journal of Hydrology, 334(1-2): 174-182, 2007. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  51. Endreny, T.A., "Estimation of Channel Bankfull Occurrence from Instantaneous Discharge Data", ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 12(5): 524-531, 2007. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  52. *Black, J. and T.A. Endreny, "Increasing Stormwater Outfall Duration, Magnitude, and Volume through Combined Sewer Separation", ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 11(5): 472-481, 2006. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  53. *Wang, J., T.A. Endreny, and J.M. Hassett, "Power Function Decay of Hydraulic Conductivity for a TOPMODEL-based Infiltration Routine", Hydrological Processes, 20(18): 3825-3834, 2006. RequestRequest and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  54. *Riley, T. C., T. A. Endreny and J. D. Halfman, "Monitoring Soil Moisture and Watertable Height with a Low-Cost Data Logger", Computers & Geosciences 32(1): 135-140, 2006. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  55. *Wang, J., T. A. Endreny and J. M. Hassett, "A Flexible Modeling Package for Topographically Based Watershed Hydrology" Journal of Hydrology 314(1-4): 78-91, 2005. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  56. Endreny, T.A., S. *Wolosoff, and J.M. Hassett, "Robustness of Pollutant Loading Estimators to Water Quality Data Thinning in a Suburban Watershed", International Journal of River Basin Management, 3(1): 53-66, 2005. Request
  57. *Wang, J., J. M. Hassett and T. A. Endreny, "An Object Oriented Approach to the Description & Simulation of Watershed Scale Hydrologic Processes", Computers and Geosciences. 31(4): 425-435, 2005. Request and RIS (endnote, etc.)
  58. Endreny, T.A., "Stormwater Management for Society & Nature via Service Learning & Ecological Engineering", International Journal of Water Resources Development, 20(3): 445-462, 2004. Request
  59. Endreny, T.A., B. Felzer, J.W. Shuttleworth, and M. Bonell, "Policy to Coordinate Watershed Hydrological, Social, and Ecological Needs: the HELP Initiative", in Lawford, R.G., Fort, D., Hartmann, H., and Eden, S., eds., Water: Science, Policy and Management: Water Resources Monograph 16, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., p.395-411, 2003.
  60. *Wolosoff, S., and T.A. Endreny, "Community Participation and Spatially Distributed Management in New York City's Water Supply", in Lawford, R.G., Fort, D., Hartmann, H., and Eden, S., eds., Water: Science, Policy and Management: Water Resources Monograph 16, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., p.369-394, 2003.
  61. Endreny, T.A., and E.F. Wood, "Maximizing Spatial Congruence of Observed & DEM-Delineated Overland Flow Networks", International Journal of Geographical Information Sciences 17(7): 699-713, 2003. Request
  62. Endreny, T.A., C. *Somerlot, and J.M. Hassett, "Hydrograph Sensitivity to Estimates of Map Impervious Cover: a Win-HSPF BASINS Case Study", Hydrological Processes, 17(5):1019-1034, 2003. Request
  63. Endreny, T.A., and E.F. Wood, "Watershed Weighting of Export Coefficients to Map Critical Phosphorous Loading Areas", Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39(1): 165-181, 2003. Request
  64. Endreny, T.A., "Forest Buffer Strips: Mapping the Water Quality Benefits", Journal of Forestry, 100(1): 35-40, January/February 2002. Request
  65. *Wolosoff, S., and T. Endreny, "Scientist and Policy Maker Response Types and Times in Suburban Watersheds", Environmental Management, 29(6): 729-735, 2002. Request
  66. Endreny, T.A., and E.F. Wood, "Representing Elevation Uncertainty in Runoff Modeling and Flowpath Mapping", Hydrological Processes, 15: 2223-2236, 2001. Request
  67. Endreny, T.A., E.F. Wood, and A. Hsu, "Correction of errors in SPOT-derived DEMs using GTOPO30 data", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 38(3): 1234-1241, 2000. Request
  68. Endreny, T.A., E.F. Wood, and D. P. Lettenmaier, "Satellite-derived elevation model accuracy: hydro-geomorphologic analysis requirements", Hydrological Processes, 14 (1): 1-20, 2000. Request
  69. Endreny, T.A., E.F. Wood, and D. P. Lettenmaier, "Satellite-derived elevation model accuracy: hydrological modeling requirements", Hydrological Processes, 14 (2): 177-194, 2000. Request
  70. Endreny, T.A., and E.F. Wood, "Distributed watershed modeling of design storms to identify non-point source runoff", Journal of Environmental Quality 28 (2): 388-396, 1999. Request
  71. Endreny, T.A., and G.D. Jennings, "A decision support system for water quality data augmentation", Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (2): 363-377, 1999. Request

Books, Chapters & Reports w/ hyperlink [see CV for complete list]

  • Nowak, D.J., A.R. Bodine, R.E. Hoehn, S.C. Low, L.A. Roman, J.G. Henning, E. *Stephan, T. *Taggart, and T.A. Endreny. "The Urban Forest of Philadelphia", Resource Bulletin NRS-106, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA, 80 p.
  • Nowak, D.J. A.R. Bodine, R.E. Hoehn, A. Ellis, K. Bomberger, D. Crane, T.A. Endreny, T. *Taggart, and E. *Stephan (2014). "Assessing forest effects and values: Douglas, County, KS", Resource Bulletin NRS-91, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA, 76 p.
  • Nowak, D.J., R.E. Hoehn, A.R. Bodine, E.J. Greenfield, A. Ellis, T.A. Endreny, Y. *Yang, T. *Zhou, and R. Henry (2013). "Assessing urban forest effects and values: Toronto's urban forest", Resource Bulletin, NRS-79, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA, p.59.
  • Nowak, D.J., A.R. Bodine, R.E. Hoehn, D.E. Crane, A. Ellis, T.A. Endreny, Y. *Yang, T. Jacobs, K. Shelton (2013). "Assessing urban forest effects and values: the greater Kansas City region", Resource Bulletin, NRS-75, Newtown Square, PA, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, p.72.
  • Nowak, D.J., J. *Wang, and T.A. Endreny (2007). "Environmental and Economic Benefits of Preserving Forests within Urban Areas: Air and Water Quality" Chapter 4 in The Economic Benefits of Land Conservation, Edited by C.T.F. de Brun, The Trust for Public Land, San Francisco, CA, pp. 28-47.
  • Bridger, E. and T.A. Endreny. (2005). "Forests and Wetlands", in The Encyclopedia of Water, Volume: Surface and Agricultural Water, Edited by Dr. Jay Lehr, Published by Wiley Water, pp. 170-174.
  • Black, J. and T.A. Endreny. (2005). "Remote Sensing in Hydrology", in The Encyclopedia of Water, Volume: Oceanography, Meteorology, Physics & Chemistry, Water Law & Water History, Edited by Dr. Jay Lehr, Published by Wiley Water, pp. 319-327.
  • Endreny, T.A. (2005). "Great Lakes Hydrology", in The Encyclopedia of Water, Volume: Surface and Agricultural Water, Edited by Dr. Jay Lehr, Published by Wiley Water, pp. 175-179.
  • Endreny, T.A. (2005). "Rainfall-Runoff Processes", in The Encyclopedia of Water, Volume: Oceanography, Meteorology, Physics & Chemistry, Water Law & Water History, Edited by Dr. Jay Lehr, Published by Wiley Water, pp. 315-319.
  • Endreny, T.A. (2005). "Riparian Systems", in The Encyclopedia of Water, Volume: Surface and Agricultural Water, Edited by Dr. Jay Lehr, Published by Wiley Water, pp. 390-392.
  • Endreny, T.A. (2005). "Evaporation", in The Encyclopedia of Water, Volume: Oceanography, Meteorology, Physics & Chemistry, Water Law & Water History, Edited by Dr. Jay Lehr, Published by Wiley Water, pp. 223-226.
  • Endreny, T.A. (2005). "Radar Use in Rainfall Measurements", in The Encyclopedia of Water, Volume: Oceanography, Meteorology, Physics & Chemistry, Water Law & Water History, Edited by Dr. Jay Lehr, Published by Wiley Water, pp. 306-309.
  • Endreny, T.A. (2005). "Water & Hydrology", in The Encyclopedia of New York State, Published by Syracuse University Press, pp: 1664-1670.
  • Endreny, T.A. and J. Doherty. (2005). "Snow Removal", in The Encyclopedia of New York State, Published by Syracuse University Press, pp: 1428-1429.

Invited Presentations [see CV for list]

Professional Presentations [see CV for list]

Proceedingss [see CV for list]

Thesis & Dissertation:

  • Endreny, T.A. "Biogeophysical Algorithms for Spatial Characterization of Non-Point Source Runoff Critical Areas". Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. 307, 1999.
  • Endreny, T. A., "Development of a water quality data augmentation decision support system for the environmental monitoring and assessment program," Master of Science Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 87 pp., 1996.