EFB Courses

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BTC

BTC 132. Orientation Seminar (1)
One hour of lecture or discussion per week. Occasional tour of laboratories or field trips. Introduction to campus facilities, personnel, lower-division curriculum, and upper-division study options to facilitate transition of students into the program and assist them in making informed decisions on course selection and future career directions. Fall.

BTC 296. Topics in Biotechnology (1-3)
Experimental, interdisciplinary, or special topic coursework in biotechnology for freshmen and sophomore level undergraduate students. Subject matter and method of presentation varies from semester to semester. May be repeated for additional credit if topic changes. Fall or Spring.

BTC 401. Molecular Biology Techniques (3)
One hour of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week. Important techniques used in molecular biology research are introduced in the context of a semester-long research exercise. Techniques include the extraction and quantification of genomic DNA, agarose gel electrophoresis, restriction digest, ligation, isolation of plasmid DNA, DNA-DNA hybridization, transformation of E. coli, DNA sequencing and the polymerase chain reaction. Fall.
Prerequisite(s): EFB 307, 308, 325, or equivalents.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both BTC 401 and EFB 601.

BTC 420. Internship in Biotechnology (3-5)
Full- or part-time employment or volunteer work with an agency, institution, clinic, professional group, business, or individual involved in activities consistent with the student’s educational and professional goals. The extent of the internship activities shall be commensurate with the credits undertaken. A resident faculty member must serve as the student’s academic sponsor. A study plan outlining the internship’s educational goals must be completed prior to its commencement. Grading will be based on a written report from the student and submitted to the sponsoring faculty member and on an evaluation of the student’s performance written by the site supervisor to the sponsoring faculty member. Fall, Spring, Summer.
Prerequisite: Consent of a faculty sponsor.

BTC 425. Plant Biotechnology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. The use of transgenic plants to improve the human condition and remediate environmental problems is a rapidly growing field of study. Students are taught the principles of gene structure and regulation, gene cloning, transformation of plant species, and current applications. Format includes lectures, discussions, student presentations, and a laboratory project. Spring.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both BTC 425 and EFB 625.

BTC 426. Plant Tissue Culture Methods (3)
Two hours of lecture and discussion and three hours of laboratory per week. Introduction to plant tissue culture for biotechnology research and as a propagation method. Emphasis will be on learning labora-tory instrumentation and techniques for establishing cell cultures, producing transgenic cell lines, and regenerating whole plants. Fall.
Prerequisites: One course in botany, microbiology, or genetics; or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for BTC 426 and FOR 626/EFB 626.

BTC 496. Topics in Biotechnology (1-3)
Experimental, interdisciplinary, or special topic coursework in biotechnology for undergraduate students. Subject matter and method of presentation varies from semester to semester. May be repeated for additional credit if topic changes. Fall or Spring.

BTC 497. Research Design and Professional Development (1)
One hour of discussion or seminar each week covering the scientific method, professional ethics and responsibilities of the practicing scientist. Employment opportunities, future career choices, safety considerations, and use of the scientific literature are covered. Students will select a research topic and prepare a proposal, which may be applied to BTC 498 or BTC 420. Spring.
Pre- or co-requisite: Biotechnology major or permission of instructor.

BTC 498. Research Problems in Biotechnology (1-3)
An independent research experience covering topics in biotechnology. Selection of research subject area will be determined by consultation and agreement between the student and appropriate faculty member. Tutorial conferences, discussions, and critiques scheduled as necessary. Final written report required. Fall and Spring or Summer.
Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.

BTC 499. Senior Project Synthesis (1-3)
One hour of discussion or seminar each week with additional credits awarded for independent research on an approved topic. Students will learn to synthesize knowledge from coursework, published research, and their own independent research data to reach logical and valid conclusions. Research results will be compiled and represented in the form of a capstone seminar, term paper, or poster presentation at a research conference. Fall or Spring.
Pre- or co-requisite(s): BTC 420, BTC 498.

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EFB

EFB 120. The Global Environment and the Evolution of Human Society (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. An integrated overview of large-scale environmental issues and their relation to the development of human societies and resource-use strategies over time. Focus is on population growth and societal pressures on physical and biotic resources. Topics include energy-use issues, causes and socioeconomic implications of climate change, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Fall and Spring.

EFB 132. Orientation Seminar: Environmental and Forest Biology (1)
One hour of lecture, discussion and/or exercises per week. Introduction to campus resources available to ensure academic success. Introduction to EFB as a field of inquiry. Fall.

EFB 202. Ecological Monitoring and Biodiversity Assessment (3)
Forty-five hours of lecture, laboratory and field instruction per week for three weeks. An introduction to the biodiversity of northeastern North American terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic communities with a focus on vascular plants and invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Incorporates practical field exercises designed to acquaint the student with problem solving. Summer, Cranberry Lake Biological Station.

EFB 215. Interpreting Science Through Art (3)
Three hours of lecture. This course examines the intersections of art and science. Major reciprocal influences in both an historical and contemporary format are treated. Fundamental methods and skills of some artistic processes, e.g., nature illustration and photography, are introduced in a context of practical applications interpreting science. Fall.
Pre-requisite: General biology.

EFB 220. Urban Ecology (3)
Two hours lecture/discussion, three hours of outdoor laboratory. Explores the city from an ecosystems perspective. Addresses the role and importance of science, engineering, the design professions, and community participation in creating livable communities. Environmental equity and justice are addressed. Fall.

EFB 226. General Botany (4)
Three hours of lecture and three-hour laboratory. An introduction to plant biology with special emphasis on the structure and function of the green plant. Fall.

EFB 285. Principles of Zoology (4)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. An introduction to the study of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, including reproduction, development, heredity, physiology, form and function, diversity, evolution, and behavior. An integrated laboratory and lecture course that introduces processes of scientific inquiry and provides a basis for understanding the natural world. The course provides the fundamental background for advanced or specialized courses, e.g., in animal physiology, anatomy, taxonomy, ecology, behavior, and fisheries/wildlife sciences. Spring.

EFB 296. Special Topics in Environmental and Forest Biology (1-3)
Experimental, interdisciplinary or special coursework at the freshman or sophomore levels. Subject matter and course format vary from semester to semester or offering on the basis of needs and objectives of the course. Fall or Spring.

EFB 301. Latin for Scientists (1)
One hour of lecture per week. Students are taught the basic principles of Latin noun declension and verb conjugation, as well as the general principles of Latin grammar. Students are required to develop a project identifying and deriving uses of Latin in their chosen field of science, usually biology. Fall.

EFB 303. Introductory Environmental Microbiology (4)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. An introduction to the biology of microorganisms and viruses and a study of their interactions with other microbes and macroorganisms. Fall.

EFB 307. Principles of Genetics (3)
Three hours of lecture and discussion per week. A general course covering concepts of genetics and evolution basic to upper-division biology and biochemistry courses. Includes the inheritance and analysis of Mendelian and quantitative traits, the chemical nature of the gene and its action, genetic engineering, the genetic structure of populations and their evolution. Numerical methods for characterizing and analyzing genetic data are introduced. Fall.

EFB 308. Principles of Genetics Laboratory (1)
Three hours of auto-tutorial laboratory per week. Experiments with plants and animals and computer simulation exercises demonstrate the basic principles of inheritance of Mendelian traits and changes in populations caused by major forces in evolution or by breeding procedures. Numerical methods for characterizing quantitative traits and for testing hypotheses are introduced. Fall.
Co-requisite: EFB 307.

EFB 311. Principles of Evolution (3)
Three hours of lecture or discussion per week. An introduction to the fundamental processes driving evolution (genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, sexual selection, and natural selection), the evolution of life-histories, trade-offs, and phenotypic plasticity. Macroevolutionary concepts covered include speciation, extinction, co-evolution, and the reconstruction of phylogenies. Spring.
Prerequisites: EFB 307 and EFB 320, or equivalents.

EFB 320. General Ecology (4)
Three hours of lecture and one three-hour field trip/laboratory
per week. An introduction to plant and animal ecology, including concepts and techniques in population ecology, community dynamics, physiological and behavioral ecology, biogeography, ecosystem ecology, nutrient cycling and energy flow. Ecological management applications, human ecological impacts and problems are considered. Fall.

EFB 325. Cell Physiology (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. Introduction to the dynamics of living systems with emphasis on the universality of the biological world. Fall.
Prerequisite: One semester of organic chemistry.

EFB 326. Diversity of Plants (3)
Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory per week. An evolutionary survey of plants from unicellular prokaryotes to multicellular eukaryotes. Coverage includes the algae, fungi, bryophytes, lower vascular plants, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Spring.

EFB 327. Adirondack Flora (3)
Two hours of lecture, and eight hours of field work and discussion each day for two weeks. An integrated field and laboratory course
in the identification of vascular plants and recognition of ecological characteristics of major plant species and communities of the Adirondack Mountain region. Satisfies elective field study requirement in Environmental and Forest Biology. Appropriate for upper and lower division undergraduate students seeking instruction in plant identification and ecology. Summer, Cranberry Lake Biological Station.
Prerequisite: General botany or general biology.

EFB 334. Woody Plants in the Natural and Built Landscape (2)
One hour of lecture, followed by three hours of field or indoor laboratory each week. Required by, and restricted to, undergraduates in the Landscape Architecture program. An introduction to the identification, site requirements, natural history, community ecology, and landscape value of native and exotic trees and shrubs for landscape planting and restoration purposes. Fall.
Prerequisite: Undergraduate standing in the Landscape Architecture program.

EFB 335. Dendrology (2)
One hour of lecture per week and one three-hour laboratory/field trip. Field study, identification and major characteristics of important forest trees of North America. Fall.
Prerequisite: Open only to students in the forest engineering curriculum.

EFB 336. Dendrology (3)
Two hours of lecture per week and one three-hour laboratory/field trip. Field study, identification, natural history and elementary silvics of important forest trees of North America. Fall.

EFB 337. Field Ethnobotany (3)
Two hours of lecture per week and six to eight hours of field work and discussion each day for two weeks. A field-based introduction
to the identification and traditional cultural uses of plants in the Adirondack region for food, medicine and fiber. Topics include
plant identification, traditional ecological knowledge and use of ecological and ethnobotanical methods. Satisfies elective field course requirement in programs offered by Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology. Cranberry Lake Biological Station. Summer.
Prerequisite: EFB 226 or equivalent.

EFB 340. Forest and Shade Tree Pathology (3)
Two hours of lecture per week and three hours of auto-tutorial laboratory. Major diseases of forest, shade and ornamental trees;
and deterioration of forest products, with emphasis on disease identification, principles of disease development, effects of disease on the host, and practical control measures. Spring.

EFB 342. Fungal Diversity and Ecology (3)
Two hours of lecture, and eight hours of fieldwork and discussion each day for two weeks. An integrated field and laboratory course designed to provide an introduction to the collection, identification and ecology of fungi and fungal-like organisms. Included in the course are Oomycetes (Kingdom Straminipila) and Myxomycetes (Kingdom Protista), as well as the more familiar groups of Kingdom Fungi. Satisfies field study elective requirement in Environmental and Forest Biology. Summer, Cranberry Lake Biological Station.
Prerequisite: General biology or general botany.

EFB 345. Forest Health (3)
Seven and one-half hours of lecture and 45 hours of field exercises per week for two weeks. Required in the Forest Health major, but open to others. Examines the varied ecological roles and impacts of pests and pathogens in managed and unmanaged northern forests. Students learn to collect, identify, and study forest insects and pathogens using inventory, survey, analytic methods, and independent research. Summer, Cranberry Lake Biological Station.
Prerequisites: One year of general biology, and EFB 202 or equivalents.

EFB 351. Principles of Forest Entomology (3)
Two hours of lecture, three hours of laboratory per week. Elements of insect classification, morphology and physiology; introduction to the role of insects in forested ecosystems; insect surveys, hazard rating, impact, control and other aspects of applied forest pest manage-ment. Designed for students in forest resources management. Spring.

EFB 352. Elements of Entomology (3)
Two hours of lecture, three hours of laboratory/field work per week. General classification of insects, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior, and basic principles of population control. Emphasis through illustration is on the role of insects in the forest environment. Fall.

EFB 355. Invertebrate Zoology (4)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Structure, function, classification and evolution of invertebrates. Emphasis on functional biology and ecological interactions. Spring.

EFB 381. Vertebrate Museum Techniques (2)
One hour of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Theory and practice of vertebrate museum methods, with emphasis on the preparation and curation of vertebrate specimens. Spring.
Prerequisites: At least junior status and permission of instructor. Limited to 10 students.

EFB 384. Field Herpetology (3)
Two hours of lecture, and eight hours of field work and discussion each day for two weeks. An integrated field and laboratory course
in the identification, natural history, ecology, and conservation of amphibians and reptiles of the Adirondack region. Satisfies field study elective requirement in Environmental and Forest Biology.. Summer, Cranberry Lake Biological Station.
Prerequisite: General biology or general zoology.

EFB 385. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (4)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Analysis of vertebrate structure, with emphasis on comparative study of organ systems. Includes evolution of form and function, major adaptive patterns and phylogenetic relationships in vertebrates. Spring.

EFB 388. Ecology of Adirondack Fishes (3)
Two hours of lecture, and eight hours of field work and discussion each day for two weeks. An integrated field and laboratory course
in the identification of fish and recognition of ecological charac-teristics of major fish species and communities of Adirondack waters. Satisfies a component of the field study elective requirement in Environmental and Forest Biology. Summer, Cranberry Lake Biological Station.
Prerequisite: General zoology or general biology.

EFB 390. Wildlife Ecology and Management (4)
Three hours of lecture and one hour of recitation per week. A study of the ecological principles governing wild animal populations and their habitats, and the relationship of these principles to manage-ment programs and decisions. Directed primarily toward students majoring in wildlife science, conservation biology, and forest resources management. Spring.
Prerequisite: General ecology.

EFB 400. Toxic Health Hazards (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. Introduction to contemporary concepts of toxicology and to scientific basis for regulations and personal decisions about toxic health hazards. For students in natural or social sciences of environmental relevance. Topics include xenobiotic load, co-evolution of plant/animal defenses, chemical interactions, animal tests and risk assessment. Fall.
Pre-requisites: General biology and general chemistry.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 400 and EFB 600.

EFB 404. Natural History Museums and Modern Science (3)
Two hour lecture per week and a one-week spring break field trip. This course examines the major roles of contemporary natural history museums as places of research and public education. The contri-butions of these institutions to science and science education through research, exhibits, collections and programs are emphasized. Participation in an organized instructional visit to natural history museums during the Spring break is required. Travel expenses to be anticipated. Spring.
Prerequisites: General biology and ecology.

EFB 405. Literature of Natural History (2)
One hour lecture and one hour discussion/seminar per week. This course examines key examples of the literature of natural history from the late 18th century to present. Major influences, perspectives and contexts associated with each selection are treated. Spring.
Prerequisites: General biology and ecology.

EFB 406. Great Naturalist Seminar (1)
One hour of seminar per week. This course examines the lives
and contributions of selected, significant naturalists from the
late 18th century to present. Perspectives, contexts and contemporaries of the naturalists are treated in seminar format. Basic and enriched present-ation skills are practiced to encourage personal understanding and enhance professionalism. Fall.
Prerequisites: General biology and ecology.

EFB 409. Molecular Basis of Evolution (3)
Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. The
major processes of organic evolution (e.g., mutation, natural selection, speciation and extinction) are discussed in a molecular-level context. Coverage ranges from changes to genic and nongenic regions of the genome to the evolution of entire genomes. Methods used to study molecular evolution and to reconstruct phylogenies
are described and demonstrated.
Prerequisites: EFB 307, EFB 308, EFB 325.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 409 and EFB 609.

EFB 412. Introduction to Chemical Ecology (3)
Three hours of lecture with discussion per week. Centers on
chemical signals among organisms from microbes to man as they affect ecology, physiology and behavior; and as they can be utilized for agriculture, pest management and animal husbandry. Spring.
Prerequisite: Organic chemistry (one year).
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 412 and FCH 440.

EFB 413. Introduction to Conservation Biology (3)
Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion/recitation per
week. As an introduction to the discipline of conservation biology, the course seeks to demonstrate how basic biological science can
be integrated with social, economic and political perspectives to achieve the goals of biological conservation. Lectures will provide students with an under-standing of processes that generate and erode biological diversity. Discussion/recitation exercises will provide students with hands-on experience and skill development
in solving the sorts of complex problems typically encountered by conservation biologists. Spring.
Pre- or co-requisite(s): EFB 307, EFB 320.

EFB 414. Senior Synthesis in Conservation Biology (3)
Three hours of discussion/seminar per week. Students research a topic in conservation biology, then practice critical thinking and discourse by presenting seminars and participating in discussions. The focus is on integrating knowledge from previous coursework in biology, management and policy for the wise use and conservation
of biological diversity. Spring.
Pre- or co-requisite: EFB 413.

EFB 415. Ecological Biogeochemistry (3)
Three hours of lecture and discussion per week. Investigation of
the principles of biogeochemistry in ecosystems. The transformations and fluxes of elements in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems including global cycles are emphasized. Fall.
Prerequisites: Courses in general ecology and introductory chemistry.

EFB 416. Introduction to Environmental Interpretation (3)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week.
Intro-ductions to popular activities and products of nature interpretation such as nature trails and traditional nature walks
to explore and illustrate the philosophy, principles and concepts of environmental interpretation. Fall.
Prerequisite: EFB 320.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 416 and EFB 616.

EFB 417. Perspectives of Interpretive Design (3)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week.
Applications of environmental interpretation theory and methods
to nature center programming, science education, and various fields of resource management emphasizing procedures for creating and
implementing products such as slide-presentations, publications, exhibits, and nature walks. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 320.
E Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 417 and EFB 617.

EFB 418. Interpretation of Field Biology (5)
This five-week residential course offers introductions to Adirondack flora and fauna in a regional context as subjects for various inter-pretive programs and products such as nature walks and trailside presentations, and slide-presentations. The application of professional interpretive techniques and the inclusion of natural history in science education are highlights. Summer.
Prerequisite: EFB 320 or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 418 and EFB 618.

EFB 419. Problem-solving in Conservation Biology (3)
Two hours of lecture/recitation and three hours of laboratory per week. ”Hands-on” experience in problem-solving using methods and concepts related to a wide range of biodiversity conservation issues. Includes management of genetic diversity, analysis and modeling of populations, ecosystem management, and the public policy process, and of methods of information management, analysis and communication used by conservation professionals. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 413 or equivalent; major in Conservation Biology or permission of instructor.

EFB 420. Internship in Environmental and Forest Biology (3-5)
Full- or part-time employment or volunteer work with an agency, institution, professional group or individual involved in activities consistent with the student’s educational and professional goals. The extent of internship activities shall be commensurate with the credits undertaken. A resident faculty member must serve as the student’s academic sponsor. A study plan outlining the internship’s educational goals must be completed prior to its commencement. Fall and Spring.
Prerequisite: Permission of an academic sponsor from the environmental and forest biology faculty.

EFB 423. Marine Ecology (4)
Three hours of lecture per week, two hours of laboratory per week and one weekend field trip. Introduction to marine organisms and systems using the principles of population, community and ecosystem ecology. Hands-on demonstrations, discussions, presentations, lectures, and field trip allow study of major marine habitats (e.g., intertidal, pelagic, coral reefs, deep sea), and the increasing human impact on marine environments. Small fee charged for mandatory weekend field trip. Spring, even years.
Prerequisites: One year general biology and general ecology or equivalents.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 423 and EFB 623.

EFB 427. Plant Developmental Biology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Advances in the fields of plant physiology, genetics, and cell and molecular biology are integrated into a dynamic study of plant structure and development. Topics include fertilization, embryogenesis, gene expression and manipu-lation, and hormonal and environmental regulation of development. Fall.
Prerequisite: EFB 226.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 427 and EFB 627.

EFB 428. Mycorrhizal Ecology (3)
Two hours of combined lecture/discussion and 3 hours of laboratory per week. Introduction to mycorrhizal symbioses, their role in plant nutrient uptake, and function in plant community dynamics. Emphasis is on important historical and current literature, and on learning methodological approaches used in mycorrhizal research. Fall, even years.
Prerequisites: General ecology or plant ecology, genetics.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 428 and EFB 628.

EFB 439. Forest Health Monitoring (3)
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week on theoretical and applied aspects of forest health monitoring including concepts, data acquisition, analysis, quality assurance, interpretation and reporting. Spring.
Pre- or co-requisite(s): Courses in forest resources management, ecology, pathology and entomology.

EFB 440. Mycology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Fundamentals of the morphology, taxonomy, life histories, ecology and symbiotic relationships of fungi. Fall.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 440 and EFB 640.

EFB 443. Plant Virology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. History of plant virology, identification and characterization of plant viruses, including transmission mechanisms, vector relationships, purification and serology. Laboratory will present techniques for the identi-fication and characterization of plant viruses. Spring, even years.
Prerequisite: EFB 303 or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 443 and EFB 643.

EFB 444. Biodiversity and Geography of Nature (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. Earth history (plate tectonics, etc.), topography and geographic variation in environmental conditions influence species and communities. Major geographic patterns in biological diversity and strategies for conserving native species are presented. Fall, even years.
Prerequisite: EFB 320 or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 444 and EFB 644.

EFB 445. Plant Ecology (3)
Two hours of lecture and discussion and one laboratory session per week. A first course in plant community ecology dealing with the dynamics of community development and change, and the process of community analysis and description. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 320.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 445 and EFB 645.

EFB 446. Ecology of Mosses (3)
Two hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory or field trip per week. A study of taxonomic diversity, ecological adaptations and the roles of bryophytes in ecosystems. Spring.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 446 and EFB 646.

EFB 462. Animal Physiology: Environmental and Ecological (3)
Three hours of lecture, discussion and/or exercises per week. An introduction to the physiology of adaptation to the physical and biotic environments, including animal energetics, biology of body size and physiological constraints on animal life history. Fall.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 462 and EFB 662.

EFB 480. Principles of Animal Behavior (4)
Three hours of lecture and one hour of recitation per week. A study of the basic principles of animal behavior, stressing exogenous and endogenous mechanisms of control, with emphasis on the evolution of behavior. Spring.

EFB 482. Ornithology (4)
Three hours of lecture and discussion, three hours of laboratory/field trip per week and additional mandatory field trips. Students become familiar with all aspects of birds: taxonomy, structure, function, ecology, population dynamics, conservation and identification. Emphasizes identification of the birds of the eastern United States by sight, and the common species by sound. Exposure to birds worldwide. Fall.
Prerequisite: General biology and general ecology.

EFB 483. Mammal Diversity (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours laboratory per week. Intro-duction to the taxonomic, morphological and behavioral diversity of mammals, presented in evolutionary context. Covers distinguishing characteristics at class and ordinal levels, the basic ecological characteristics of all mammals of New York state and the adaptations of mammals to stressful environments. Key methods for field studies and the conservation status of mammals are addressed. Fall, odd years.
Prerequisite: EFB 285.

EFB 484. Mammalian Winter Ecology (2)
Six-day field course conducted during March break in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. The course explores ecological adaptations of mammals for surviving the winter in northern latitudes. Students are in the field daily. Modern housing/dining facilities are provided at the Adirondack Ecological Center. There is a course fee. Spring.
Prerequisite: General ecology.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 484 and EFB 684.

EFB 485. Herpetology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. An introduction to the structure, function, ecology, behavior, develop-ment and distribution of amphibians and reptiles as they relate to the systematics of the various groups. Fall.

EFB 486. Ichthyology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. An introduction to the anatomy, physiology, ecology, behavior and taxonomy of fishes. Spring.

EFB 487. Fisheries Science and Management (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. Introduction to biology, ecology, quantitative assessments, conservation, and management of fish species targeted in fisheries. Includes models and empirical studies of population dynamics, life history theory, bioenergetics, population sampling, growth, mortality, production, exploitation, ecological effects, and approaches to fisheries management. A practicum (EFB 488) is optional. Fall.
Prerequisite: Calculus and either Limnology or Ichthyology or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 487 and EFB 687.

EFB 488. Fisheries Science Practicum (1)
Three hours of laboratory per week with 2 weekend field trips. Practical experience in fisheries science, including introduction to collecting techniques, data collection, analysis, and use of models.
A nominal fee is charged to defray costs on weekend trips. Designed as a complement to EFB 487. Fall.
Prerequisite: EFB 487 or permission of instructor.

EFB 491. Wildlife Ecology and Management Practicum (2)
One-hour discussion and three hours laboratory per week. Practical contact and experience with wildlife management techniques and programs; relates practices to principles of management. Designed for biology students wishing to pursue careers as wildlife biologists. Spring.
Co-requisite: EFB 490.
Pre- or co-requisite: ESF 200.

EFB 493. Wildlife Habitats and Populations (4)
Three hours of lecture/discussion and one three-hour laboratory per week; one Saturday field trip required. Application of ecological concepts including succession and population biology to wildlife management planning and program assessment. Students are exposed to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service habitat evaluation procedures and fundamentals of population modeling. Fall.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 493 and EFB 693.

EFB 495. Undergraduate Experience in College Teaching (1-3)
An opportunity for qualified, senior undergraduate students to gain experience in fully supervised, college-level teaching of the type they can expect to perform in graduate school. Students assist the instructor in the preparation and presentation of laboratory or recitation material in an undergraduate course. A maximum of 6 credit hours of EFB 495, and 3 credit hours relating to any single assisted course, may apply toward graduation requirements.
Prerequisites: Previous completion of the course being assisted
(with a grade of B or higher), a GPA at ESF of 3.0 or higher, and permission of instructor.

EFB 496. Topics in Environmental and Forest Biology (1-3)
Experimental, interdisciplinary or special coursework in biology for undergraduate students. Subject matter and method of presentation varies from semester to semester. May be repeated for additional credit. Fall or Spring.

EFB 497. Seminar (1)
One hour of presentations and discussion per week. A topic in environmental and forest biology will be emphasized and its importance to contemporary issues will be addressed. Fall or Spring.
Prerequisite: 90 credit hours.

EFB 498. Research Problems in Environmental and
Forest Biology (1-3)
Independent research in topics in forest biology for the superior undergraduate student. Selection of subject area determined by the student in conference with appropriate faculty member. Tutorial con-ferences, discussions and critiques scheduled as necessary. Final written report required for departmental record. Fall, Spring and/or Summer.

EFB 500. Forest Biology Field Trip (1-3)
A five- to 10-day trip to: 1) agencies engaged in biological research, management and administration; or 2) regions or areas of unusual biological interest. A final report is required. Additional fees required to cover cost of travel and lodging during field portion of course. Fall or Spring.

EFB 501. Microbiology for Bioprocessing (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory/discussion per week. Topics include general microbiology, enzymology, enzyme kinetics, biochemistry, metabolic regulation, microbial growth and product formation (with general stoichiometry), media formulation and bioprocess design including batch, fed-batch, and continuous modes, techniques for product recovery and purification, and mammalian cell lines/culture. Laboratory sessions focus on photosynthetic hydrogen production, experimental determination of enzyme kinetics, and polyhydroxyalkanoate production, recovery, and purification. Fall.
Prerequisites: Permission of the instructor; basic understanding of chemistry and biology; appropriate quantitative skills.

EFB 502. Ecology and Management of Invasive Species (3)
Three hours of discussion/lecture per week. Explores the growing problem of invasive species as a leading threat to global biodiversity. Topics include: invasion pathways and mechanisms, community resistance, biological control, effects on ecosystems, law and policy as management tools, prediction and risk assessment, and interactions with anthropogenic environmental change. Fall.

EFB 505. Microbial Ecology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week.
Applied and environmental aspects of microbiology with emphasis
on biochemical interactions. Examining microbial processes and interrelationships in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 303.

EFB 513. Adirondack Forest Ecology and Management (2-3)
One-week, field-based examination of sustainable forest management in the Adirondacks, framed by concepts and issues associated with plant and wildlife ecology, silviculture, and forest management. Contemporary research on central Adirondack forests is featured based on work at the Huntington Wildlife Forest. Emphasis is on experiential learning via a series of trips to, and laboratories in, the forest. Fall (late summer).
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 513 and FOR 513.

EFB 516. Ecosystems (3)
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. Ecosystems emphasize the integration of biological, chemical and physical aspects of the environment applied in an integrative fashion to units of landscape and water. Major topics covered include a survey of ecosystem types, energy flow, nutrient cycles and the relation of ecosystem processes to plant and animal populations. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 320.

EFB 518. Systems Ecology (4)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory/field experience. per week Survey of history, literature and techniques of systems
ecology, including, especially, the teaching of intellectual, basic mathematical and computer skills that allow the student to take an environmental problem of his or her choosing and simulate it on a computer. Fall.
Prerequisite: One course in ecology. It is also recommended that the student have at least some previous or concurrent experience with computers. Weekend field trip required.

EFB 519. Geographic Modeling (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Students learn how to interface the traditional tools of ecological modeling with the new tools of Geographic Information Systems. Geographical modeling involves the simulation of natural earth systems with special consideration given to spatial position, adjacency, clustering, or distribution of system variables. Students will work on a project of their own choosing, learning to write FORTRAN code to model and display system dynamics in both space and time. Spring.
Prerequisites: EFB 518 and a course in GIS.

EFB 521. Principles of Interpretive Programming (3)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. This course offers principles, methods, and marketing for comprehensive interpretive programming. Creative approaches to methods for establishing effective programming featuring natural history themes are emphasized. Spring, alternate years.
Prerequisite: EFB 416/EFB 616 or EFB 417/EFB 617.

EFB 522. Ecology, Resources and Development (2)
Two hours of lecture per week. Examines the emerging field of ecological economics by reviewing traditional economic approaches, especially as applied to evaluating as applied to evaluating nonmarket processes—such as many of the services of nature. Introduces alternative approaches focusing on energy and resources, rather than money, as a basis for wealth and evaluation. Spring.
Prerequisites: A course in ecology and a course in economics.

EFB 523. Tropical Ecology (3)
One hour of lecture coupled with a period of intensive field study over spring break on a tropical island in the Caribbean. Principles of tropical ecology, resource management and island biogeography are presented. Field trips to a variety of tropical ecosystems including: rain forest, coral reefs, crater lakes and montane rain forest. Comparisons with north temperate ecosystems are made. Additional fees required to cover cost of travel and lodging during field portion of course. Requires the ability to swim. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 320.

EFB 524. Limnology (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. An introduction to the physics, chemistry and biology of inland waters, with particular emphasis on lakes. The course focuses on lakes as integrated ecosystems, and analyzes perturbations in this environment on the structure and function of the biological communities contained therein. Fall.
Prerequisites: Introductory courses in physics and chemistry, and EFB 320.

EFB 525. Limnology Laboratory (1)
One laboratory or field trip per week. An introduction to limnological techniques and the procedures for empirically analyzing ecological relations in aquatic ecosystems. Field trips to local aquatic habitats. Fall.
Pre- or co-requisite: EFB 524.

EFB 526. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture (3)
One hour of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week designed to introduce students to the scientific and commercial uses of plant tissue culture. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 226.

EFB 530. Plant Physiology (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. Internal processes and conditions in higher plants with emphasis on physiological and biochemical concepts. For students majoring in the biological sciences. Spring.
Prerequisites: EFB 325, EFB 326.
Note: EFB 531 also required for plant sciences concentration students.

EFB 531. Plant Physiology Laboratory (2)
Two three-hour laboratory sessions. An introduction to methods and procedures of physiological research. Spring.
Pre- or co-requisite: EFB 530 or permission of instructor.

EFB 535. Systematic Botany (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory. Identification, nomenclature and classification of flowering plants with special emphasis on local flora and on developing the ability to classify the plants of any region. Fall.
Prerequisite: EFB 226 or EFB 326.

EFB 542. Freshwater Wetland Ecosystems (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. An examination of the structure and function of various freshwater wetlands. Ecologic principles that broadly apply to all wetland ecosystems are examined and contrasted with terrestrial systems. The effect of management activities on, and the management potential of, wetlands are also examined. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 320.

EFB 551. Forest Insect Ecology and Management (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Aspects of insect ecology that are pertinent to integrated pest management are discussed. These aspects include insect survey, monitoring, eval-uations, control tactics (with special emphasis on non-chemical approaches to control of forest insect pests), and interactions between pest population ecology and forest stand dynamics. Students learn to identify the major forest insect pests of North America and the damage that they cause. Fall, odd numbered years.
Prerequisites: EFB 320, EFB 351 or EFB 352.

EFB 554. Aquatic Entomology (3)
Two hours of lecture, three hours of laboratory/field work per week and a weekend field trip. An introduction to the identification, life histories and ecology of aquatic insects, with emphasis on genera found in the Northeastern U.S. Includes a consideration of the functional role of insects in aquatic systems, and current avenues of research. Intended for seniors and graduate students pursuing interests in entomology, fisheries and wildlife, forestry, limnology and general ecology. Fall.
Prerequisite: One course in entomology or permission of instructor.

EFB 555. Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. A survey of chemical interactions within and among species of fish, amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans. Signal production, sensory processes, plant-animal interactions, practical applications of chemical ecology and effects of global and local change on chemical ecology processes. Fall and Spring. Prerequisites: One semester of organic chemistry and at least two of the following: general ecology, animal behavior, introduction to chemical ecology, and a course in vertebrate biology.

EFB 566. Systematic Entomology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Lectures introduce the identification and classification of the important orders and families of insects, along with the concepts and practice of sys-tematics. In laboratories students become familiar with pertinent taxonomic literature and keys, based in part on a required collection. Fall. Prerequisite: EFB 351 or EFB 352.

EFB 570. Insect Physiology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Study of the life processes in insects; introduction to modern physiological instrumentation and laboratory methods. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 325.

EFB 600. Toxic Health Hazards (4)
Three hours of lecture and one hour discussion/seminar per week. Introduction to contemporary concepts of toxicology and to scientific basis for regulations and personal decisions about toxic health hazards. For students in natural or social sciences of environ-mental relevance. Topics include xenobiotic load, co-evolution of plant/animal defenses, chemical interactions, animal tests and risk assessment. Additional reading assignments and discussions. Fall.
Prerequisites: General biology and general chemistry.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 400 and EFB 600.

EFB 601. Molecular Biology Techniques (3)
One hour of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week. Important techniques used in molecular biology research are introduced in the context of a semester-long research exercise. Techniques include the extraction and quantification of genomic DNA, agarose gel electropho-resis, restriction digest, ligation, isolation of plasmid DNA, DNA-DNA hybridization, transformation of E. coli, DNA sequencing and the polymerase chain reaction. Additional topics in molecular biology research are chosen and presented by the students. Fall.
Prerequisites: EFB 307, EFB 308, EFB 325 or equivalents.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both BTC 401 and EFB 601.

EFB 609. Molecular Basis of Evolution (3)
Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. The
major processes of organic evolution (e.g., such as mutation, natural selection, speciation and extinction) are discussed in a molecular-level context. Coverage ranges from changes to genic and nongenic regions of the genome to the evolution of entire genomes. Methods used to study molecular evolution and to reconstruct phylogenies
are described and demonstrated. Students will organize and lead class discussions.
Prerequisites: EFB 307, EFB 308, EFB 325, or similar courses in genetics and cell physiology.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 409 and EFB 609.

EFB 610. Ecological Biogeochemistry (3)
Three hours of lecture and discussion per week. Investigation of the principles of biogeochemistry in ecosystems. The transformations and fluxes of elements in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems including global cycles are emphasized. Fall.
Prerequisites: Courses in general ecology and introductory chemistry.

EFB 611. Topics in Environmental Toxicology (3)
Three hours of lecture, discussion or seminar per week. In-depth exploration of selected contemporary topics of environmental toxi-cology in areas such as toxic hazards of societal importance, pollutant monitoring and remediation, fate and ecological impacts of environ-mental pollutants, biological basis of toxic hazards, and ecological and human risk assessment and regulations. A major term paper and oral representation required. Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 400, EFB 600 or an introductory course in toxicology.

EFB 612. Introduction to Chemical Ecology (3)
Three hours of lecture with discussion per week. Centers on chemical signals among organisms from microbes to man as they affect ecology, physiology and behavior; and as they can be utilized for agriculture, pest management and animal husbandry. Spring.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 612 and EFB 412/
FCH 440.

EFB 616. Introduction to Environmental Interpretation (3)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Introductions to popular activities, special projects, and products of nature interpretation such as nature trails and traditional nature walks to explore and illustrate the philosophy, principles and concepts of environmental interpretation. Requires analysis of several interpretive processes and completion of a paper. Fall.
Prerequisite: EFB 320.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 416 and EFB 616.

EFB 617. Perspectives of Interpretive Design (3)
Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Applications of environmental interpretation theory and methods to nature center programming, science education, and various fields of resource management emphasizing procedures for creating and implementing products such as slide-presentations, publications, exhibits and nature walks. Includes analysis and articulation of some interpretive processes. Spring. Prerequisite: EFB 320.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 417 and EFB 617.

EFB 618. Interpretation of Field Biology (5)
This five-week residential course offers introductions to Adirondack flora and fauna in a regional context as subjects for various inter-pretive programs and products such as nature walks and trailside presentations, and slide-presentations. The course provides opportunities to select and test the application of professional interpretive techniques to activities promoting natural history and science education. Summer.
Prerequisite: EFB 320 or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 418 and EFB 618.

EFB 622. Applications of Interpretation to Science Education (3)
Week-long residency course with an external project. This course offers practical research strategies for science educators working with their students in local environments. The course builds on forest ecology and wildlife themes as vehicles to teach the process
of science. Included within the field-oriented introductions to Adirondack birds, mammals and flora, are ideas to enhance most science curricula. Applications of nature interpretation are used to energize traditional strategies by using nature trails and walks, and trail leaflets, brochures, presentations, and exhibits. Participants must implement, test and document semester-length projects with their students. Summer.

EFB 623. Marine Ecology (5)
Three hours of lecture per week, two hours of laboratory/recitation per week, 1 hour of graduate discussion per week and one weekend field trip. Introduction to marine organisms and systems, using the principles of population, community and ecosystem ecology. Hands-on demonstrations, discussions, presentations, lectures, and field trip allow study of major marine habitats (e.g., intertidal, pelagic, coral reefs, deep sea), and the increasing human impact on marine environments. Small fee charged for mandatory weekend field trip. Synthetic review paper and short presentation to the EFB 423 class are required. Spring, even years.
Prerequisites: One year general biology and general ecology or equivalents.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 423 and EFB 623.

EFB 625. Plant Biotechnology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Trans-genic plants are currently being produced to improve agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and remediate environmental problems. Students are taught the principles of gene structure and regulation, gene cloning, transformation of plant species, and current applications. Format includes lectures, discussions, student presentations, literature review, and a detailed laboratory project. Spring.
Prerequisites: EFB 307 and EFB 325 or equivalents.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both BTC 425 and EFB 625.

EFB 626. Plant Tissue Culture Methods (3)
Two hours of lecture and discussion and three hours of laboratory
per week. Introduction to plant tissue culture for biotechnology research and as a propagation method. Emphasis will be on learning laboratory instrumentation and techniques for establishing cell cultures, producing transgenic cell lines, and regenerating whole plants. In addition to the scheduled lab exercises, an independent micropropagation or transformation project will be required. Fall.
Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for BTC 426 and FOR/EFB 626.

EFB 627. Plant Developmental Biology (3)
Two hours of lecture/discussion and three hours of laboratory per week. Advances in the fields of plant physiology, genetics, and cell and molecular biology are integrated into a dynamic study of plant structure and development. Topics include fertilization, embryo-genesis, gene expression and manipulation, and hormonal and environmental regulation of development. Students will write a research paper that applies concepts in plant development to address problems pertaining to their research or to a chosen topic. Fall.
Prerequisite: EFB 226.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 427 and EFB 627.

EFB 628. Mycorrhizal Ecology (3)
Two hours of combined lecture/discussion and three hours of laboratory per week. Introduction to mycorrhizal symbioses, their role in plant nutrient uptake and function in plant community dynamics. Emphasis is on important historical and current literature, and on learning methodological approaches used in mycorrhizal research. Students will present and lead discussions on papers from the primary literature. An independent project is required. Fall, even years. Prerequisites: General ecology or plant ecology, genetics.
Note: Credit will not be granted for EFB 428 and EFB 628.

EFB 640. Mycology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Fundamentals of the morphology, taxonomy, life histories, ecology and symbiotic relationships of fungi. Fall.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 440 and EFB 640.

EFB 641. Phytopathology (3)
Two hours of lecture and discussion, and three hours of autotutorial laboratory per week. Principles and concepts of plant pathology. Major diseases of ornamental plants, vegetable crops, fruit crops, field crops and trees. This is an introductory plant pathology course for graduate students in all departments. Spring.

EFB 643 Plant Virology (3)
Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. History of plant virology, identification and characterization of plant viruses, including transmission mechanisms, vector relationships, purification and serology. Laboratory will present techniques for the identi-fication and characterization of plant viruses. Spring, even years.
Prerequisite: EFB 303 or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 443 and EFB 643.

EFB 644. Biogeography (4)
Three hours of lecture per week. Earth history (plate tectonics, etc.), topography and geographic variation in environmental conditions influence species and communities. Major geographic patterns in biological diversity and strategies for conserving native species are presented. Students design and conduct independent biogeographic study utilizing information available in the literature. Fall, even years.
Prerequisite: General ecology or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for EFB 444 and EFB 644.

EFB 645. Plant Ecology (3)
Two hours of lecture/discussion and one laboratory/discussion section per week. A first course in plant community ecology for beginning grad-uate students focusing on dynamics of community development and change and the processes of community analysis and description. Spring.
Prerequisite: General Ecology.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 445 and EFB 645.

EFB 646. Ecology of Mosses (3)
Two hours of lecture per week and one three-hour laboratory or field trip. A study of taxonomic diversity, ecological adaptations and the roles of bryophytes in ecosystems. Spring.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 446 and EFB 646.

EFB 662. Animal Physiology: Environmental and Ecological (3)
Three hours of lecture, discussion and exercises per week, and an independent project. An introduction to the physiology of adaptation to the physical and biotic environments, including animal energetics, biology of body size, and physiological constraints on animal life history. Fall and Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 661 or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 462 and EFB 662.

EFB 681. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration and Enhancement (2)
One and three quarter hours of lecture and discussion per week and three field experiences. Guiding principles for ecological restoration of freshwater aquatic ecosystems focusing on effects of nutrient loading, sedimentation, flow alteration, and habitat loss. Factors leading to loss of aquatic resources and effectiveness of techniques to restore habitat and fauna are analyzed. Student presentation of a relevant topic and field excursions to perturbed areas and recent restoration projects are required. Fall, odd years.
Prerequisites: none. Directed towards graduate students in areas involving aquatic sciences and management.

EFB 684. Mammalian Winter Ecology (2)
Six-day field course conducted during March break in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. The course explores ecological adaptations of mammals for surviving the winter in northern latitudes. Students are in the field daily. Modern housing/dining facilities are provided at the Adirondack Ecological Center. There is a course fee. Students are required to submit a final paper. Spring.
Prerequisite: General Ecology.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 484 and EFB 684.

EFB 685. Ecology of Mammals of the Adirondack Mountains (2)
One week, field-based course with 15 hours lecture and 45 hours field/laboratory work. Focus on Adirondack mammals, their life histories, adaptations and habitat requirements. Emphasis on experiential learning where participants live trap, mark, and release small mammals, mist net bats, and employ radio telemetry techniques to understand the habits of mammals. Course is designed for college teachers and graduate students with teaching responsibilities. Fall (late summer).

EFB 687. Fisheries Science and Management (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. Introduction to the biology, ecology, quantitative assessments, conservation, and management of fish species targeted in fisheries. Includes models and empirical studies of population dynamics, life history theory, population growth, mortality, production, exploitation, and management. Critical synthesis project required. Fall.
Prerequisites: Calculus and either Limnology or Ichthyology or permission of instructor.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 487 and EFB 687.

EFB 692. Ecology and Management of Waterfowl (3)
Three hours of lecture per week. A detailed examination of waterfowl ecology and management. The course is structured around the annual cycle, focusing on strategies of survival and reproduction; management aspects are treated throughout the course. Fall and Spring.
Prerequisite: EFB 483.

EFB 693. Wildlife Habitats and Populations (4)
Three hours of lecture/discussion and one three-hour laboratory per week; one Saturday field trip required. Application of ecological concepts including succession and population biology to wildlife management planning and program assessment. Students are exposed to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service habitat evaluation procedures and fundamentals of population modeling. Fall.
Prerequisites: EFB 490 and EFB 491 or graduate status.
Note: Credit will not be granted for both EFB 493 and EFB 693.

EFB 733. Techniques in Plant Physiology (2-4)
One hour of lecture and variable lengths of laboratory (three to nine hours) per week. Comprehensive study of techniques essential for research in plant physiology. Students may choose the instructors they wish to work with, and should consult the instructors for further details. May be repeated for credit in different specialties. Fall.
Prerequisites: EFB 531 and biochemistry with laboratory.

EFB 796. Topics in Environmental and Forest Biology (1-3)
Special instruction, conference, advanced study, and research in selected subject areas. A written report required. Check Schedule of Courses for details. Fall and Spring.

EFB 797. Seminar in Environmental and Forest Biology (1)
Seminar discussions of subjects of interest and importance in environ-mental and forest biology. Seminar offerings are available in most subdisciplinary areas. Check Schedule of Courses for details. Fall and Spring.

EFB 798. Research Problems in Environmental and Forest Biology. (Credit hours to be arranged)
Individual advanced study of selected special problems in environ-mental and forest biology. Offered by arrangement with individual faculty. A written report required. Fall and Spring.

EFB 898. Professional Experience (1-12)
Professional experience which applies, enriches and/or complements formal coursework. Graded on an "S/U" basis. Fall, Spring and Summer.

EFB 899. Master’s Thesis or Project Research (1-12)
Investigation leading to the completion of a research-oriented thesis or to an application-oriented project. Graded on an "S/U" basis. Fall, Spring and Summer.

EFB 999. Doctoral Thesis Research (1-12)
Investigation leading to the completion of the doctoral thesis. Graded on an "S/U" basis. Fall, Spring and Summer.