Willow Woody Biomass
Publications

Fact Sheets

• Brochure
• Infographic
• Introduction
• Willow Bioenergy in New York State
• Crop Production Cycle
• Site Selection
• Site Preparation
• Planting and Maintenance
• Harvesting
• Crop Removal
• Calendar of Tasks
• EcoWillow 2.0 - Economic Analysis of Willow Bioenergy Crops
• Willow Crop Production Scenarios Using EcoWillow 2.0
• Pollinator Benefits
• Crop Producers Handbook 2017 (All Facts Sheets)
• Willow Cultivars
• Living Snow Fences

Research Summaries

• Greenhouse Gas Balance of Willow Crops

Journal Articles

2022

• Carbon footprint of biofuels production from forest biomass using hot water extraction and biochemical conversion in the Northeast United States

2021

• Continuous measurement of CO₂, CH₄ and H₂O fluxes from restored marl fen and inland salt marsh communities overlaying chemical-byproduct settling basins
• Variability in growth and cadmium accumulation capacity among willow hybrids and their parents: implications for yield-based selection of Cd-efficient cultivars
• Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol produced via fermentation of sugars derived from shrub willow (Salix ssp.) hot water extraction in the Northeast United States
• Effects of greenhouse gas emissions timing on alternative biomass and fossil energy sources for district heating
• The US bioeconomy at the intersection of technology, policy, and education
• Random Forest Outperformed Convolutional Neural Networks for Shrub Willow Above Ground Biomass Estimation Using Multi-Spectral UAS Imagery
• Estimation of shrub willow leaf chlorophyll concentration across different growth stages using a hand-held chlorophyll meter to monitor plant health and production
• An assessment of the harvesting and fuel performance of a single-pass cut-and-chip harvester in commercial-scale short-rotation poplar crops as influenced by crop and weather
• The practice and economics of hybrid poplar biomass production for biofuels and bioproducts in the Pacific Northwest
• Comparison of Machine and Deep Learning Methods to Estimate Shrub Willow Biomass from UAS Imagery
• Life cycle assessment of a shrub willow evapotranspiration cover compared with conventional clay and geosynthetic covers in Upstate New York
• Climate Change Impacts of Electricity Generated at a Waste-to-Energy Facility
• Storage of Biomass Feedstocks: Risks and Opportunities

2020

• Improved Advanced Biomass Logistics Utilizing Woody and other Feedstocks in the Northeast and Pacific Northwest
• Life cycle assessment of forest biomass energy feedstock in the Northeast United States
• Cut-and-chip harvester material capacity and fuel performance on commercial-scale willow fields for varying ground and crop conditions
• The financial trade-off between the production of biochar and biofuel via pyrolysis under uncertainty
• Optimization of harvest and logistics for multiple lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks in the northeastern United States
• Hot water extracted and non-extracted willow biomass storage performance: fuel quality changes and dry matter losses
• Forest and crop leaf area index estimation using remote sensing: Research trends and future directions
• Willow Biomass Crops Are a Carbon Negative or Low-Carbon Feedstock Depending on Prior Land Use and Transportation Distances to End Users
• Hot water extraction: short rotation willow, mixed hardwoods, and process considerations

2019

• Discovery of geographically robust hybrid poplar clones
• Positive water linkages of producing short rotation poplars and willows for bioenergy and phytotechnologies
• Overhead protection increases fuel quality and natural drying of leaf-on woody biomass storage piles
• Three bulk density measurement methods provide different results for commercial scale harvests of willow biomass chips
• Influence of blending and hot water extraction on the quality of wood pellets
• A roadmap for poplar and willow to provide environmental services and to build the bioeconomy

2018

• Maximizing pollinator diversity in willow biomass plantings: A comparison between willow sexes and among pedigrees
• A stochastic techno‐economic analysis of shrub willow production using EcoWillow 3.0 S
• Impact of Parcel Size, Field Shape, Crop Yield, Storage Location, and Collection Equipment on the Performance of Single-Pass Cut-and-Chip Harvest System
• Shrub willow biomass production ranking across three harvests in New York and Minnesota
• Poplar and shrub willow energy crops in the United States: field trial results from the multiyear regional feedstock partnership
• Hot Water Extraction Improves the Characteristics of Willow and Sugar Maple Biomass with Different Amount of Bark
• Growth, survival, and yields of 30 short-rotation willow cultivars on the Canadian Prairies: 2nd rotation implications
• Soil respiration in shrub willow (Salix x dasyclados) biomass crop increased on the third year after removal

2017

• Effects of hot water extraction pretreatment on pyrolysis of shrub willow
• Contributions of environment and genotype to variation in shrub willow biomass composition
• Biomass, spacing and planting design influence cut-and-chip harvesting in hybrid poplar
• Economic and life cycle assessments of biomass utilization for bioenergy products
• Impact of Shrub Willow (Salix spp.) as a Potential Bioenergy Feedstock on Water Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Valuation of ecosystem services of commercial shrub willow (Salix spp.) woody biomass crops
• Genotype× environment interaction analysis of North American shrub willow yield trials confirms superior performance of triploid hybrids
• Recently Bred Willow (Salix spp.) Biomass Crops Show Stable Yield Trends Over Three Rotations at Two Sites

2016

• The economics of growing shrub willow as a bioenergy buffer on agricultural fields: A case study in the Midwest Corn Belt
• Recently Bred Willow (Salix spp.) Biomass Crops Show Stable Yield Trends Over Three Rotations at Two Sites
• Regional economic impacts of biomass district heating in rural New York
• Advances in shrub‐willow crops for bioenergy, renewable products, and environmental benefits
• Changes in feedstock quality in willow chip piles created in winter from a commercial scale harvest
• Change in Yield Between First and Second Rotations in Willow (Salix spp.) Biomass Crops is Strongly Related to the Level of First Rotation Yield
• Inventory and classification of United States federal and state forest biomass electricity and heat policies
• Recently Bred Willow (Salix spp.) Biomass Crops Show Stable Yield Trends Over Three Rotations at Two Sites
• Genotype by environment interactions analysis of North American shrub willow yield trials confirms superior performance of triploid hybrids
• Incorporating bioenergy into sustainable landscape designs
• Inventory and classification of United States federal and state forest biomass electricity and heat policies
• A cost-effective evaluation of biomass district heating in rural communities

2015

• Quality and variability of commercial-scale short rotation willow biomass harvested using a single-pass cut-and-chip forage harvester
• Planting rates and delays during the establishment of willow biomass crops
• Seasonal Dynamics of N, P, and K in an Organic and Inorganic Fertilized Willow Biomass System
• Short rotation Woody Crops Biomass Production
• Designing decentralized small-scale bioenergy systems based on short rotation coppice for rural poverty alleviation
• First-Rotation Yields of 30 Short-Rotation Willow Cultivars in Central Saskatchewan, Canada
• GIS based agricultural land availability assessment for the establishment of short rotation woody crops in Latvia
• Assessing Sustainable Bioenergy Feedstock Production Potential by Integrated Geospatial Analysis of Land Use and Land Quality
• Bark Content of Two Shrub Willow Cultivars Grown at Two Sites and Relationships with Centroid Bark Content and Stem Diameter
• Untapped Potential: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Bioenergy Production from Marginal Lands in the Northeast USA

2014

• Willow Short-Rotation Production Systems in Canada and Northern United States: A Review
• Incorporating uncertainty into a life cycle assessment (LCA) model of short-rotation willow biomass (Salix spp.) crops
• Development and Deployment of Willow Biomass Crops
• Living snow fences show potential for large storage capacity and reduced drift length shortly after planting
• First Rotation Biomass Production and Nutrient Cycling within Short-Rotation Coppice Willow Plantations in Saskatchewan, Canada
• Evaluation of a Single-Pass, Cut and Chip Harvest System on Commercial-Scale, Short-Rotation Shrub Willow Biomass Crops
• Carbon Sequestration in Fine Roots and Foliage Biomass Offsets Soil CO2 Effluxes along a 19-year Chronosequence of Shrub Willow (Salix x dasyclados) Biomass Crops

2013

• No significant differences in soil organic carbon contents along a chronosequence of shrub willow biomass crop fields
• Biomass production and soil nutrients in organic and inorganic fertilized willow biomass production systems
• Soil CO2 effluxes, temporal and spatial variations, and root respiration in shrub willow biomass crops fields along a 19‐year chronosequence as affected by regrowth and removal treatments
• Allometric biomass equations for tree species used in agroforestry systems in Uganda
• Yield and woody biomass traits of novel shrub willow hybrids at two contrasting sites
• Profitability of Willow Biomass Crops Affected by Incentive Programs
• Greenhouse gas potentials of shrub willow biomass crops based on below-and aboveground biomass inventory along a 19-year Chronosequence
• Leaf Litter Decomposition and Nutrient-Release Characteristics of Several Willow Varieties Within Short-Rotation Coppice Plantations in Saskatchewan, Canada

2012

• Use of short-rotation coppice willow crops by birds and small mammals in central New York
• Carbon emission reduction impacts from alternative biofuels
• Comparing life-cycle carbon and energy impacts for biofuel, wood product, and forest management alternatives
• Life-cycle assessment for the production of bioethanol from willow biomass crops via biochemical conversion
• Mass balances and allocation of salt ions from Solvay storm water for shrub willow (Salix spp.)
• Carbon isotope variation in shrub willow (Salix spp.) ring-wood as an indicator of long-term water status, growth and survival
• Considerations of project scale and sustainability of modern bioenergy systems in Uganda

2011

• Sustainable biofuel contributions to carbon mitigation and energy independence
• Impacts of paper sludge and manure on soil and biomass production of willow
• Improving the profitability of willow crops—identifying opportunities with a crop budget model
• Developing spring cover crop systems for willow biomass crop establishment.
• Soil nutrient dynamics and biomass production in an organic and inorganic fertilized short rotation willow coppice system
• Carbon balance in short rotation willow (Salix dasyclados) biomass crop across a 20-year chronosequence as affected by continuous production and tear-out treatments
• Yields of willow biomass crops across a range of sites in North America
• Woody biomass from short rotation energy crops

2010

• Above-and below-ground biomass and soil organic carbon inventories of willow biomass crops across a 19-year chronosequence
• Response of three shrub willow varieties (Salix spp.) to storm water treatments with different concentrations of salts

2009

• Sustainability criteria for bioenergy systems: results from an expert survey
• Seasonal sap flow of four Salix varieties growing on the Solvay wastebeds in Syracuse, NY, USA
• The characterization of willow (Salix L.) varieties for use in ecological engineering applications: Co-ordination of structure, function and autecology
• Biophysical interactions in a short rotation willow intercropping system in southern Ontario, Canada
• Estimates of technically available woody biomass feedstock from natural forests and willow biomass crops for two locations in New York State
• Multi criteria analysis for bioenergy systems assessments
• The use of short rotation willows and poplars for the recycling of saline waste waters

2008

• Assessment of canopy structure, light interception, and light-use efficiency of first year regrowth of shrub willow (Salix sp.)
• Using a systems approach to improve bioenergy sustainability assessment
• 11 Willow biomass production for bioenergy, biofuels, and bioproducts in New York
• Quantitative genetics of traits indicative of biomass production and heterosis in 34 full-sib F1 Salix eriocephala families
• Cuticular wax composition of Salix varieties in relation to biomass productivity
• Genetics of yield and biomass composition of shrub willow bioenergy crops bred and selected in North America
• Salix: botany and global horticulture

2007

• A participatory systems approach to modeling social, economic, and ecological components of bioenergy
• Development and validation of aboveground biomass estimations for four Salix clones in central New York
• Breeding, selection and testing of shrub willow as a dedicated energy crop

2006

• The development of short-rotation willow in the northeastern United States for bioenergy and bioproducts, agroforestry and phytoremediation
• Biomass gasification for farm-based power generation applications
• Perennial crops for bio-fuels and conservation

2005

• Relative resistance of willow and poplar biomass production clones across a continuum of herbivorous insect specialization: Univariate and multivariate approaches
• Renewable energy from willow biomass crops: life cycle energy, environmental and economic performance
• The effect of common Dutch white clover (Trifolium repens L.), as a green manure, on biomass production, allometric growth and foliar nitrogen of two willow clones
• Development of new generation cooperatives in agriculture for renewable energy research, development, and demonstration projects
• Evaluating the impact of three incentive programs on the economics of cofiring willow biomass with coal in New York State
• Morphological traits of 30 willow clones and their relationship to biomass production
• Genetic improvement of shrub willow (Salix spp.) crops for bioenergy and environmental applications in the United States

2004

• Growing fuel: a sustainability assessment of willow biomass crops
• Effect of cutting storage conditions during planting operations on the survival and biomass production of four willow (Salix L.) clones
• Life cycle energy and environmental benefits of generating electricity from willow biomass
• Effects of site preparation techniques on communities of soil mites (Acari: Oribatida, Acari: Gamasida) under short-rotation forestry plantings in New York, USA

2003

• Energy feedstock characteristics of willow and hybrid poplar clones at harvest age
• Effect of organic amendments and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on willow biomass production and soil chemical characteristics
• Life cycle assessment of a willow bioenergy cropping system
• Greater potential for renewable biomass energy

2002

• Alternative methods of site preparations and coppice management during the establishment of short-rotation woody crops

2001

• Biomass and nutrient removal by willow clones in experimental bioenergy plantations in New York State
• Willow biomass production during ten successive annual harvests

Other

• Kopp, R. F., Abrahamson, L. P., White, E. H., Burns, K. F., & Nowak, C. A. (1997). Cutting cycle and spacing effects on biomass production by a willow clone in New York.Biomass and Bioenergy, 12(5), 313-319. doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(96)00077-3
• Kopp, R.F., L.P. Abrahamson, C.A. Nowak, & E.H. White. (1991).  Pre-emergent her­bicides for site preparation in ultrashort-rotation willow plantings: Early first-year results.In P. Williams (Ed.), Agroforestry in North America, Proceedings of the First Conference on Agroforestry in North America, August 13-16, 1989. (Pp. 116-121). Guelph, Ontario, Canada:  University of Guelph.
• Kopp, R.F., D.H. Bickelhaupt, E.H. White, & L.P. Abrahamson. (1993).  Effect of fertilization on willow biomass production and nutrient removal in a bioenergy system. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Nov. 7-12, 1993. Cincinnati, OH, Agronomy Abstracts, p. 337.
• Kopp, R.F., L.P. Abrahamson, C.A. Nowak, & E.H. White. (1992). Pre-emergent her­bicides for site preparation in Salix plantings. Forestry Chronicle 68(2), 218- 219.
• Kopp, R.F., E.H. White, L.P. Abrahamson, C.A. Nowak, & K.F. Burns. (1993). Willow biomass trials in central New York State.  Biomass and Bioenergy 5(2), 179-187.
• Kopp, R. F., Abrahamson, L. P., White, E. H., Nowak, C. A., Zsuffa, L., & Burns, K. F. (1996). Woodgrass spacing and fertilization effects on wood biomass production by a willow clone. Biomass and Bioenergy, 11(6), 451-457. doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(96)00055-4
• Kopp, R.F., Abrahamson, L.P., White, E.H., Volk, T.A., Nowak, C.A., Fillhart, R.C. (2001). Willow biomass production during ten successive annual harvests. Biomass and Bioenergy, 20(1), 1-7.
• Kopp, R. F., Castello, J. D., & Abrahamson, L. P. (1999). Viruses in salix grown for bioenergy. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 29(2), 117-122.
• Kopp, R. F., Maynard, C. A., De Niella, P. R., Smart, L. B., & Abrahamson, L. P. (2002). Collection and storage of pollen from Salix (Salicaceae). American Journal of Botany, 89(2), 248-252.
• Kopp, R. F., Smart, L. B., Maynard, C. A., Isebrands, J. G., Tuskan, G. A., & Abrahamson, L. P. (2001). The development of improved willow clones for eastern North America.Forestry Chronicle, 77(2), 287-292.
• Kopp, R. F., Smart, L. B., Maynard, C. A., Tuskan, G. A., & Abrahamson, L. P. (2002). Predicting within-family variability in juvenile height growth of Salix based upon similarity among parental AFLP fingerprints. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 105(1), 106-112. doi:10.1007/s00122-001-0855-3
• Kuzovkina, Y.A., Volk, T.A. (2009). The characterization of willow (Salix L.) varieties for use in ecological engineering applications: Co-ordination of structure, function and autecology. Ecological Engineering, 35(8), 1178-1189.
• Lo, M.H., Abrahamson, L.P., White, E.H., & Manion, P.D. (1995). Early measures of basal area and canker disease predict growth-potential of some hybrid poplar clones. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25(7), 1113-1118.
• Lo, M. H., & Abrahamson, L. P. (1996). Principal component analysis to evaluate the relative performance of nine year old hybrid poplar clones. Biomass and Bioenergy, 10(1), 1-6.
• Nowak, C.A., E.H. White, L.P. Abrahamson, & B. Barkley. (1988).  Site considerations for the culture of Populus hybrids in New York State. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meet­ing, Nov.27-Dec. Anaheim, CA., Agronomy Abstracts p. 297.
• Nowak, C.A., R.F. Kopp, L.P. Abrahamson, E.H. White, & J.G. Sah. (1989).  Biomass production and nutrient accumulation among 1-year-old willow clones grown in a "wood grass" system. SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Faculty of Forestry Technological Publication No. 3 (ESF 89-003), 18p.
• Nowak, C.A., E.H. White, L.P. Abrahamson, & R.F. Kopp. (1989).  Physiological basis for increased willow wood biomass with fertilization. Agronomy Abstracts, Madison, WI. p.241.
• Nowak, C.A., T.A. Volk, B.D. Ballard, L.P. Abrahamson, R.C. Fillhart, R.F. Kopp, D. Bickelhaupt & E.H. White. (1999).  The role and process of monitoring willow biomass plantations In O.P. Overend & E. Chornet (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th Biomass Conference of the Americas -   Biomass: A Growth Opportunity in Green Energy and Value-added Products August 29-September 2, 1999, Oakland, CA.  V. 1. (Pp. 25-29). Oxford: Pergamon.
• Nordman, E.E., Robison, D.J., Abrahamson, L.P., Volk, T.A. (2005). Relative resistance of willow and poplar biomass production clones across a continuum of herbivorous insect specialization: Univariate and multivariate approaches. Forest Ecology and Management, 217(2-3), 307-318.
• Park, B.B., Yanai, R.D., Sahm, J.M., Lee, D.K., & Abrahamson, L.P. (2005). Wood ash effects on plant and soil in a willow bioenergy plantation. Biomass & Bioenergy, 28(4), 355-365.
• Park, B. B., Yanai, R. D., Sahm, J. M., Ballard, B. D., & Abrahamson, L. P. (2004). Wood ash effects on soil solution and nutrient budgets in a willow bioenergy plantation.Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 159(1), 209-224. doi:10.1023/B:WATE.0000049177.60761.37
• Pian, C.C.P and T.A. Volk. 2009. Willow biomass gasification feasibility study. In: Badeau, J-P. and A. Levi. (eds). Biomass Gasification: Chemistry, Process and Applications. (pp. 71-86). Hauppage, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
• Robison, D.J., L.P. Abrahamson, & E.H. White. (1994).  Silviculture of wood biomass crops as an energy feedstock. The New York Forest Owner, Sept./Oct., 4-5.
• Robison, D.J., T. Rooney, L.P. Abrahamson, & E.H. White. (1994). Wood energy issues in New York. The New York Forest Owner, July/Aug., 5.
• Sahm, J.M., E.H. White, & L.P. Abrahamson. (1993). Wood ash applications in willow bioenergy plantations. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Nov. 7-12, 1993, Cincinnati, OH, Agronomy Abstracts, 338-339
• Sahm, J.M., T. Koch, C.A. Nowak, L.P. Abrahamson, & E.H. White. (1994). Utilization of wood boiler ash: An annotated bibliography. SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry, Faculty of Forestry Technological Publication Series. No. 5., 44pp.
• Sahm, J.M., E.H. White, L.P. Abrahamson, & C.A. Nowak.  (1994). Wood ash applications in willow bioenergy plantations. 85th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Agonomy, 1993 November 7-12, Cincinnati, OH. Madison, WI: Agronomy Abstracts, 339
• Tharakan, P. J., Robison, D. J., Abrahamson, L. P., & Nowak, C. A. (2001). Multivariate approach for integrated evaluation of clonal biomass production potential. Biomass and Bioenergy, 21(4), 237-247. doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(01)00038-1
• Tharakan, P.J., Volk, T.A., Abrahamson, L.P., White, E.H. (2003). Energy feedstock characteristics of willow and hybrid poplar clones at harvest age. Biomass and Bioenergy, 25(6), 571-580.
• Tharakan, P.J., Volk, T.A., Lindsey, C.A., Abrahamson, L.P., White, E.H. (2005). Evaluating the impact of three incentive programs on the economics of co-firing willow biomass with coal in New York State. Energy Policy, 33(3), 337-347.
• Tharakan, P.J., Volk, T.A., Nowak, C.A. and G. Ofezu. (2008). Canopy Structure, Light Interception, and Light-Use Efficiency in Willow. BioEnergy Research. 1(3-4), 229 – 238.
• Tharakan, P.J., C.A. Nowak, L.P. Abrahamson, D.J. Robison & T.A. Volk. (1999). Characterization of willow bioenergy clones: A step towards improving yield. Abstract In Proceedings of the 4th Biomass Conference of the Americas - A Growth Opportunity in Green Energy and Value-added Products August 29-September 2, 1999, Oakland, CA.  Addendum to the Proceedings, 26.
• Tharakan, P.J., L.P. Abrahamson, D. J. Robison, J.G. Isebrands, C.A. Nowak, T.A. Volk & E.H. White. (2000). Coppice effects on willow and hybrid poplar stem attributes and biomass production. In J.G. Isebrands & J. Richardson (Compilers). 21st Session of the International Poplar Commission (IPC 2000). Poplar and Willow Culture: Meeting the Needs of Society and the Environment. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-215, 175.
• Tharakan, P.J., T.A. Volk, C.L. Lindsey, S. Edick, J. Dickerson, P. Ray & L. P. Abrahamson. (2001). A technical and economic analysis of willow biomass crops grown on conservation reserve program land in New York State. Fifth Biomass Conference of the Americas. Sept. 17-21, 2001, Orlando, FL. 2pp.
• Tharakan, P.J., C.A. Nowak, L.P. Abrahamson, T.A. Volk, E.H. White, D.J. Robison, & J.G. Isebrands. (2001). Coppice effects on willow and hybrid poplar stem attributes and biomass production. In T.A. Volk, J. Ballard & L.P. Abrahamson (Compilers). Proceedings of the Third Biennial Short-Rotation Woody Crops Operations Working Group Conference, Syracuse, NY October 10-13. Syracuse, NY: SUNY-ESF, 193.
• Ulzen-Appiah, F., R.D. Biggs, L.P. Abrahamson & D.H. Bickelhaupt. (2001). Soil carbon pool in a short-rotation willow (Salix dasyclados) plantation four years after establishment. In T.A. Volk, J. Ballard & L.P. Abrahamson (Compilers). Proceedings of the Third Biennial Short-Rotation Woody Crops Operations Working Group Conference, Syracuse, NY October 10-13. Syracuse, NY: SUNY-ESF, 153.
• Volk, T.A., Ballard, B., Robison, D.J., Abrahamson, L.P. (2004). Effect of cutting storage conditions during planting operations on the survival and biomass production of four willow (Salix L.) clones. New Forests, 28(1), 63-78.
• Volk, T.A., L.P. Abrahamson, E.H. White, R.F. Kopp, & C.A. Nowak.  (1999).  Producing short-rotation crops in the Northeastern United States. In Proceedings of the Second Short-Rotation Wood Crops Operations working Group Conference, Vancouver, WA, August 24-28, 1998, 7-16.
• Volk, T.A., L.P. Abrahamson, E.H. White & M. Downing. (2000). Developing a Willow Biomass Crop Enterprise in the United States. In L. Christersson & L. Wright (Eds). Proceedings of the Third Meeting of IEA Bioenergy Task 17 Short-Rotation Crops for Bioenergy, Auburn, AL, Sept. 6 – 9, 1999. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Rep. No. ORNL/TM-2000/311. 49 – 56.
• Volk, T.A., B. Ballard, D.J. Robison & L.P. Abrahamson. (2000). Effect of cutting storage conditions on the survival and early growth of four willow clones. In J.G. Isebrands & J. Richardson (Compilers). 21st Session of the International Poplar Commission (IPC 2000). Poplar and Willow Culture: Meeting the Needs of Society and the Environment.USDA Forestry Service General Technical Report NC-215, 197
•  Volk, T.A., D.J. Robison & L.P. Abrahamson. (2000). Alternative methods of site preparation for willow and poplar biomass crops in the Northeastern United States. In J.G. Isebrands & J. Richardson (Compilers). 21st Session of the International Poplar Commission (IPC 2000). Poplar and Willow Culture: Meeting the Needs of Society and the Environment. USDA Forestry Service General Technical Report NC-215, 196.
• Volk, T.A., B.D. Kiernan, R.F. Kopp & L.P. Abrahamson. (2001). First- and second-rotation yields of willow clones at two sites in New York State. Fifth Biomass Conference of the Americas. Sept. 17-21, 2001, Orlando, FL. 2pp.
• Volk, T.A., L.P. Abrahamson & S. Edick. (2002). Outreach, education efforts and landowner participation in the Salix Consortium’s willow biomass project. In L. Christerson & L. Kuiper (eds). Proceedings of the Last Meeting of IEA Bioenergy Task 17: Short-Rotation Crops for Energy Purpose, in the Netherlands and Sweden, Dec. 11 – 16, 2000, Report 70, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 2002, 6-12.
• Wagner, J.E., C.A. Nowak & L.P. Abrahamson. (2001). Herbicide screening trial for willow biomass crops: Applied at pre-emergence and post-emergence. In T.A. Volk, J. Ballard & L.P. Abrahamson (Compilers). Proceedings of the Third Biennial Short-Rotation Woody Crops Operations Working Group Conference, Syracuse, NY October 10-13.Syracuse, NY: SUNY-ESF, 109.
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, R.L. Gambles, & L. Zsuffa.  (1988).  Experiences with willow as a wood biomass species.  Bio-Joule, 10(5), 4-7.
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, R.L. Gambles, & L. Zsuffa. (1989).  Experiences with willow as a wood biomass species. In D.L. Klass (Ed.), Proceedings "Energy from Biomass and Wastes XII.”(Pp. 125-152).Chicago: Institute Of Gas Technology.
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, R.F. Kopp, C.A. Nowak,  J. Sahm.  (1991).  Technological and economic aspects of biomass production from short rotation hardwood planta­tions. In Proceedings of the Fifth ABC International Biotechnology Meeting, May 13-16, 1991, Washington, DC. (Pp. 110-117).
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, R.F. Kopp, C.A. Nowak, L. Zsuffa & R.L. Gambles. (1991).  Increased willow wood biomass yields by breeding, fertilization and irrigation. In D.L. Klass (Ed.), Energy From Biomass and Wastes XIV Conference, Jan. 28-Feb. 2, 1990, Orlando, FL. (Pp. 371-388). XIV-91. Chicago, IL: Institute of Gas Technology.
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, R.F. Kopp, & C.A. Nowak.  (1992). Bioenergy plantations in New York - 10-year results (Abstract only). Forestry Chronicle 68(2), 221.
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, R.F. Kopp, C.A. Nowak, & J. Sahm. (1992).  Integrated woody biomass systems in Eastern North America. In C.P. Mitchell, L. Sennerby-Forsse, & L. Zsuffa (Eds.), XIX IUFRO Congress, Problems and Perspec­tives of Forest Biomass Energy,  International Workshop of Project Group P1.09-00, P3.04-07 and P5.03-00, August 1990, Montreal, Canada. (Pp. 68-75). Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Report 48, Uppsala 1992.
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, C.A. Nowak, R.F. Kopp, & L. Zsuffa.  (1992).  Integrated woody bioenergy plantations in Eastern North America. In D.L. Klass (Ed.), Energy From Biomass and Wastes XV Conference, Mar. 25-29, 1991, Washington, DC. Chicago, IL: Institute of Gas Technology.
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, R.F. Kopp, & C.A. Nowak. (1993). Willow bioenergy plantation research in the Northeast. In Proceedings, First Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture, and Industry, Aug. 30-Sept.2, 1993, Burlington, Vermont, Vol.I. (Pp. 199-213).
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, & D.J. Robison. (1995).  Commercialization of willow bioenergy - A dedicated feedstock supply system. In Proceedings, Second Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture, and Industry, Aug. 21-24, 1995, Portland, OR.  (Pp. 1534-1546).
• White, E.H., L.P. Abrahamson, D.J. Robison, E.F. Neuhauser, W.H. Benjamin, & J.M. Peterson.  (1996).  Developing the willow biomass-bioenergy industry in New York: Challenges for commercializing the crop production system. In BIOENERGY ‘96 Conference Proceedings, Sept. 15-19, 1996, Nashville, TN. (Pp. 60-67).
• White, E.H., E.F. Neuhauser, L.P. Abrahamson, T.A. Volk, C.A. Nowak, J.M. Peterson, E. Gray, C. Demeter & C. Lindsey. (1999).  Progress towards making willow biomass crops the fuel of the future in the northeastern United States.  In Proceedings of the 4th Biomass Conference of the Americas - Biomass: A Growth Opportunity in Green Energy and Value-added Products August 29-September 2, 1999, Oakland, CA.  Volume 1, 75-78.
• White, E.H., T.A. Volk, A.J. Stipanovic, T.E. Amidon, E. Neuhauser, L.P. Abrahamson, E. Gray, C. Lindsey, J. Jarnefeld, D.J. Aneshansley, R.C Fillhart, B.D. Kiernan & S. Edick. (2001). Growing willow biomass crops for bioproducts and bioenergy in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States. Fifth Biomass Conference of the Americas. Sept. 17-21, 2001, Orlando, FL. 2pp.